HS Code:
Archaeological pieces, as described in Statistical Note 1 to the relevant chapter of the Harmonized System (HS) Code, typically refer to artifacts and objects of historical, cultural, or archaeological significance. These items include ancient relics, pottery, tools, sculptures, and other antiquities that provide insight into past civilizations. Due to their cultural value, trade in such items is heavily regulated under international agreements like the UNESCO 1970 Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. The trade is often limited to legal exports with proper documentation, and many countries impose strict export bans to protect national heritage.
Total Trade Volume
Estimated at $1.2 billion USD (legal trade only, excluding illicit trade estimates)
Data from 2022
Source
UNESCO and World Customs Organization (WCO) Reports
$300 million USD
25% of total legal trade of total trade
Stable
$200 million USD
16.7% of total legal trade of total trade
Increasing
$180 million USD
15% of total legal trade of total trade
Stable
$150 million USD
12.5% of total legal trade of total trade
Increasing
$100 million USD
8.3% of total legal trade of total trade
Stable
Average Rate
0% (most countries waive tariffs under cultural exchange agreements, though import duties may apply if provenance is disputed)
Highest Rate
Up to 30% in certain jurisdictions for items without clear legal export documentation
Lowest Rate
0% under bilateral cultural heritage agreements
Increased demand for repatriation of artifacts
Many countries are tightening export controls and seeking the return of looted or illegally exported artifacts, reducing legal trade volume while increasing diplomatic negotiations.
2020-2023
Growth in digital cataloging and virtual exhibitions
Technological advancements have reduced physical trade by promoting digital access to archaeological pieces through 3D scans and virtual museum tours.
2021-2023
Rise in illicit trade monitoring
Enhanced international cooperation and use of blockchain for provenance tracking are curbing illegal trade, though black markets remain a significant challenge.
2019-2023
Several European museums and governments, including Germany and the UK, have returned Benin Bronzes to Nigeria as part of broader efforts to address historical looting.
December 2022
Strengthens global focus on ethical trade and repatriation, potentially reducing legal trade volume while increasing bilateral cultural agreements.
A coordinated international operation led to the seizure of thousands of archaeological artifacts trafficked through illicit channels, with a focus on Middle Eastern and African antiquities.
November 2021
Increased scrutiny on trade routes and auction houses, leading to stricter documentation requirements and reduced illicit trade.
The European Union implemented stricter import rules requiring verifiable proof of legal export for cultural goods, including archaeological pieces, entering the EU market.
June 2021
Legal trade within the EU faces higher compliance costs, potentially diverting trade to other regions with less stringent regulations.