HS Code:
Carfecillin, sodium; Cloxacillin, sodium; Dicloxacillin, sodium; Flucloxacillin (Floxacillin); and Oxacillin, sodium fall under the category of penicillin antibiotics, classified within the Harmonized System (HS) Code 294110. These are semi-synthetic antibiotics used primarily to treat bacterial infections caused by penicillinase-producing staphylococci. They are critical in the pharmaceutical industry for their effectiveness against resistant strains of bacteria. Global trade in these antibiotics is driven by demand in healthcare sectors across developed and developing nations for treating a range of infections.
Total Trade Volume
Approximately $250 million USD
Data from 2022
Source
United Nations Comtrade Database and World Trade Organization (WTO) Reports
$90 million USD
36% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
$70 million USD
28% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
$30 million USD
12% of total trade of total trade
Stable
$25 million USD
10% of total trade of total trade
Stable
$15 million USD
6% of total trade of total trade
Decreasing
Average Rate
5.2% ad valorem
Highest Rate
12% (applied by certain developing countries to protect domestic pharmaceutical industries)
Lowest Rate
0% (under free trade agreements such as EU-India FTA for specific partners)
Increased demand for generic antibiotics
Drives higher export volumes from cost-effective producers like India and China, reducing prices globally
2021-2022
Rising concerns over antibiotic resistance
Leads to stricter regulations and reduced overuse, impacting trade volumes in certain markets
2020-2022
Shift towards sustainable production practices
Encourages manufacturers to adopt eco-friendly processes, potentially increasing production costs
2022
The European Union introduced stricter guidelines for importing antibiotics, requiring detailed documentation on resistance patterns and manufacturing standards.
March 2023
May increase compliance costs for exporters like India and China, potentially slowing trade to EU markets.
India's Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for pharmaceuticals has led to a significant increase in domestic production of penicillin antibiotics.
January 2022
Strengthens India's position as a leading exporter, likely increasing global supply and competition.
The World Health Organization released updated guidelines emphasizing responsible use of antibiotics to combat resistance.
September 2022
Could lead to reduced demand in some regions due to restricted prescriptions and usage policies.