HS Code:
The Mammals category under the Harmonized System (HS) Code typically falls under Chapter 1 (Live Animals), specifically HS Code 0106, which includes live mammals other than those primarily used for food (e.g., cattle, swine). This category encompasses a range of mammals traded globally for purposes such as breeding, research, zoos, and as pets. Trade in live mammals is highly regulated due to concerns over animal welfare, disease transmission (zoonotic diseases), and conservation efforts under international agreements like CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
Total Trade Volume
USD 1.2 billion
Data from 2022
Source
United Nations Comtrade Database
USD 250 million
20.8% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
USD 200 million
16.7% of total trade of total trade
Stable
USD 180 million
15.0% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
USD 150 million
12.5% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
USD 100 million
8.3% of total trade of total trade
Decreasing
Average Rate
5.2% ad valorem
Highest Rate
15% (imposed by certain developing countries for protective measures)
Lowest Rate
0% (under free trade agreements or for specific conservation programs)
Increased demand for exotic pets
Rising trade volumes in specific mammals like small primates and rare breeds, though accompanied by stricter regulations to prevent illegal trafficking.
2021-2022
Growth in research-related trade
Higher exports of laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats) to support biomedical research, especially in North America and Europe.
2020-2022
Decline in zoo animal trade
Reduced trade due to ethical concerns and stricter conservation laws, impacting countries traditionally exporting large mammals.
2019-2022
CITES introduced stricter documentation and monitoring for the trade of endangered mammals, focusing on species like pangolins and certain primates.
March 2023
Expected to reduce illegal trade but may increase compliance costs for exporters.
The European Union implemented a temporary ban on importing wild-caught mammals for pet trade to curb zoonotic disease risks post-COVID-19.
January 2022
Significant reduction in trade volumes from African and Asian exporters to EU markets.
A bilateral agreement was signed to streamline the export of laboratory mammals for research purposes, ensuring ethical standards.
September 2022
Boosted trade volumes between the two countries, stabilizing supply chains for biomedical research.