HS Code:
Hardbound books, classified under HS Code 4901.99, refer to printed books, brochures, leaflets, and similar printed matter, bound with a hard cover. This category includes a wide range of literature such as novels, textbooks, reference materials, and specialty publications. Hardbound books are valued for their durability and aesthetic appeal, often used for long-term preservation or as collector's items. Global trade in this category is influenced by factors such as literacy rates, educational demand, cultural preferences, and the growing competition from digital alternatives like e-books.
Total Trade Volume
USD 5.2 billion
Data from 2022
Source
United Nations Comtrade Database
USD 1.1 billion
21.2% of total trade of total trade
Stable
USD 850 million
16.3% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
USD 600 million
11.5% of total trade of total trade
Stable
USD 500 million
9.6% of total trade of total trade
Increasing
USD 400 million
7.7% of total trade of total trade
Decreasing
Average Rate
3.5%
Highest Rate
12% (applied by certain developing countries to protect local publishing industries)
Lowest Rate
0% (under free trade agreements like EU Single Market or USMCA)
Shift towards digital alternatives
Decline in demand for hardbound books in developed markets due to e-books and audiobooks, though niche markets for collectible and premium editions persist.
2020-2022
Growth in educational publishing
Increased demand for hardbound textbooks and academic materials in emerging markets with expanding education systems.
2021-2023
Sustainability concerns
Rising preference for eco-friendly printing and binding practices, influencing production costs and trade dynamics.
2022-2023
The European Union and the United States agreed to reduce tariffs on printed materials, including hardbound books, to promote cultural exchange and support the publishing industry.
March 2023
Expected to increase trade volume between the two regions by 5-7% over the next two years.
China has ramped up investments in advanced printing and binding technologies, reducing production costs for hardbound books and boosting export competitiveness.
June 2022
Likely to solidify China's position as a leading exporter, potentially affecting smaller publishing markets.
Ongoing supply chain issues, including paper shortages and shipping delays, have impacted the hardbound book trade, leading to higher costs and delayed deliveries.
October 2022
Temporary reduction in trade volume, with recovery expected by mid-2024.